The Development of Management Information Systems :: Business Management Studies

The Development of Management Information Systems The job of business data frameworks has changed and extended over the most recent four decades. In the nascent decade (1950s and '60s), â€Å"electronic information handling systems† could be managed by just the biggest associations. They were utilized to record and store accounting information, for example, diary sections, specific diaries, and record accounts. This was carefully an activities bolster job. By the 1960s â€Å"management data systems† were utilized to create a restricted scope of predefined reports, including pay explanations (they were called P and L’s in those days), monetary records and business numbers. They were attempting to play out a dynamic help job, yet they were not capable. By the 1970s â€Å"decision support systems† were presented. They were intelligent as in they permitted the client to pick between various alternatives and arrangements. Not exclusively was the client permitted altering yields, they additionally could arrange the projects to their explicit requirements. There was an expense however. As a major aspect of your centralized computer renting understanding, you regularly needed to pay to have an IBM framework engineer for all time nearby. The fundamental advancement during the 1980s was the presentation of decentralized figuring. Rather than having one enormous centralized server PC for the whole venture, various PC’s were spread around the association. This implied as opposed to presenting a vocation to the PC division for cluster handling and hanging tight for the specialists to play out the system, every client had their own PC that they could tweak for their own motivations. Numerous helpless spirits battled with the fancies of DOS conventions, BIOS capacities, and DOS bunch programming. As individuals got settled with their new abilities, they found all the things their framework was able to do. PCs, rather than making a paperless society, as was normal, created heaps of paper, the greater part of it valueless. Hills of reports were produced just since it was conceivable to do as such. This data over-burden was alleviated to some degree during the 1980s with the presentation of â€Å"executive data systems†. They smoothed out the procedure, giving the official precisely what they needed, and just what they needed. The 1980s additionally observed the principal business utilization of fake insight methods as â€Å"expert systems†. These projects could offer guidance inside an exceptionally restricted branch of knowledge. The guarantee of dynamic help, first endeavored in the board data frameworks, thinking back to the 1960s, had bit by bit, come to

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way Essay

There have been numerous critical innovations that changed the manner in which individuals live their lives. What, as you would like to think, is one signific - Essay Example Theory Statement - While mechanical advances, for example, power and the web improved the lives of individuals from numerous points of view, they didn't generally add to halting the proceeded with deliberate mistreatment of over half of the world’s populace. The Early Forms of Birth Control In the antiquated world, numerous ladies and a couple of men considered how to make an item that could prevent ladies from imagining each time they encountered sexual closeness. It was a gotten certainty, and still, at the end of the day, that proceeded with pregnancies were significantly hurtful to the collections of ladies. There have been records found to confirm that rough types of condoms were made out of the digestive organs of creatures in antiquated Greece. There were additionally poultices shaped from as combination of peculiar substances which were utilized by ladies. In addition, a large portion of these techniques were fruitless in halting pregnancy. Conception prevention was se en similar to an untouchable subject that ‘respectable’ ladies would not take part in. ... Anti-conception medication in the Early Days According to Engelman, from 1800 to 1900 in the United States alone, nine out of each 1000 ladies would lose their lives during labor (Engelman, 24). The American government effectively disheartened the dissemination of any data in regards to issues to do with controlling pregnancy or dispersing the quantities of kids that a lady had. Participating in such exercises was viewed as being on the side of the spread of obscene exercises. Besides, the American government didn't state or do much about the numerous ladies who were passing on every day during labor. As talking honestly about conceptive issues was something that could be arraigned under state just as government laws of the time, ladies in the eighteenth century didn't have the foggiest idea or see much as concerning their bodies or regenerative frameworks. For women’s lives to be improved, they must have the option to control their conceptive lives. In the eighteenth century, just as in the entire hundreds of years earlier, there were various strategies that a few couples depended on so as to forestall pregnancy. In certain families, a wedded couple would really see family members independently as a method of managing the impulse to participate in sex. A couple of couples attempted to utilize forbearance, in any event, when they were living respectively, to restrict the introduction of youngsters. Numerous couples, nonetheless, favored the withdrawal strategy, or other untested strategies that included the utilization of wipes, condoms, cervical tops, and douches. Every one of these strategies, however, were not extremely effective. Most of wipes and creams even brought genuine wellbeing related issues for their clients. Restraint didn't work generally in light of the fact that it required total discipline with respect to the spouse. Ladies, who were very much aware of

Life experiences that has led you to nursing as a career path Personal Statement

Educational encounters that has driven you to nursing as a lifelong way - Personal Statement Example Close to educating, Nursing is perhaps the noblest calling for me. It requires capable information and abilities, yet above all, nursing calling likewise involves perspectives, for example, persistence, commitment, difficult work, and energy. I accept that I have the satisfactory information and abilities for this course which have been created from my work understanding. I additionally have the alluring mentalities and being esteemed for which I find appropriate for this profession: Collaboration: I am thinking about that this profession will require a consistent work with the specialists every now and then also with individual medical attendants. It is through cooperation that everyone will have the option to create better and more prominent accomplishments for the government assistance of the patients. I accept that my longing of seeking after to the Nursing degree is the best vocation way for me. Not just that I have the quality and characteristics of turning into a skilled medical attendant later on, however my energy and enthusiasm to find out more and endeavor harder as I take this way gives me progressively certain that I will have the option to outperform the difficulties in this field and have the option to go past what is anticipated from me. I will incredibly acknowledge whether you consider my application for the Nursing Program in your famous college. Much obliged to you for your

Authentic Love in an Artificial World - Literature Essay Samples

Margaret Atwood creates a corrupt, futuristic world in Oryx and Crake that places all emphasis on technology and science, therefore devaluing the role of emotion and connection in society. Those who work in the pursuit of scientific breakthroughs are considered to be the elite, whereas others who are better suited to work in arts and have a talent with words are less valued. These two different types of people are demonstrated by the characters of Jimmy and Crake: Crake being the representation of the ideal scientific prodigy, whereas Jimmy symbolizing someone who is more emotional and artistic. They have drastically opposing views on the value of emotion and approach relationships in different ways, but despite these differences, both characters eventually experience love. Despite the lack of emphasis on emotional connection in the technologically based society of Oryx and Crake, love proves to be an essential and irreplaceable aspect of the human experience for the characters in th e novel. Throughout Oryx and Crake, characters demonstrate an inherent longing to feel emotion. As teenagers, Jimmy and Crake used to spend their time watching graphic videos on the internet, such as child pornography and people getting tortured. Looking back on this, Snowman says, â€Å"Shortcircuit.com, brainfrizz.com, and deathrowlive.com were the best; they showed electrocutions and lethal injections. Once they’d made real-time coverage legal, the guys being executed had started hamming it up for the cameras† (Atwood, 83). This passage shows how desensitized the boys are to gruesome content. They view these morbid videos as entertaining or average, whereas in our society, they would be considered difficult to watch. The fact that this content has been legalized in their society reveals that desensitization isn’t just happening to Jimmy and Crake specifically, but that it has happened to everyone. This is because creative expression and emotion are deemed useless in th e compounds where the scientific elite reside, so these people do not have an outlet to express their feelings. Essentially, they are becoming robots who are forced to pour all their energy into scientific pursuit and mathematical calculations. This lack of emotional stimulation causes them to search for an alternative way to feel something powerfully. Thus, they turn to graphic content. Even if these videos evoke feelings of disgust, fear, or sadness, they still evoke some sort of emotion, which is better than feeling nothing at all. The more gruesome, the more emotional, and therefore, Jimmy and Crake turn to extremely violent videos to feel. This demonstrates that people living in the compounds will not willingly succumb to a flattening of affect, and will fight to experience emotion. Even if feeling emotion is devalued in their society, these people are unable to simply turn off the aspect of themselves that have a longing to feel. Therefore, it is clear that the experience of p owerful emotion is what makes us human, and what keeps people in the compounds, specifically Jimmy and Crake, from losing their humanity. Since love is a powerful emotional experience, it proves to be an inherent human desire in the novel. This is most effectively demonstrated throughout Crake’s character, because he is most scientifically driven and adamantly against emotion in the novel. He considers humans to be ‘faulty hormone robots,’ and doesn’t see the value of anything unless it serves a distinct evolutionary advantage. However, even he is not immune to love. When Crake is introducing Jimmy to Oryx for the first time, Jimmy notes, â€Å"Crake was in love, for the first time ever. It wasn’t just the praise, rare enough. It was the tone of voice† (309). Jimmy’s ability to recognize Crake’s feelings without Crake having to directly express himself shows that love is extremely powerful, as usually Crake is impossible to read or analyze. Furthermore, the legitimacy of Crake’s feelings are strengthened by the story as to how he met Oryx. As children, Jimmy and Crake had been watching child pornography when Oryx’s young face appeared in the screen. Crake took a screenshot, and that image of Oryx stayed with him throughout his entire life. Later on, a service at Crake’s school provided him with any sexual partner he would like, and he specifically showed them that image of Oryx. It is clear that Crake’s love for her was immediate and unwavering. Even though he wasn’t actively searching for or wanting to fall in love, he did. Through Crake’s experience, it is clear that love does not have to be taught or created, but that it is natural. It occurred out of his control, therefore demonstrating that humans can not choose who they fall in love with or when, regardless of the society in which they live in. Love occurs naturally, and therefore it is an essential part of what preserves people’s humanity in Oryx and Crake’s society. The failure of loveless relationships in Oryx and Crake shows that the essential quality of love can not be replaced by anything else. These unemotional relationships are all ultimately unsatisfying and do not survive, such as Jimmy’s parents who break apart dramatically and Crake’s lack of love towards his parents which allows him to murder them as part of his experiments with the plague. Jimmy is involved in several passionless affairs before he meets Oryx, all of which fall apart. Speaking about how he had told all these women he loved them, Snowman thinks, â€Å"he shouldn’t have used it up so much earlier in his life, he shouldnt have treated it like a tool, a wedge, a key to open women. By the time he got around to meaning it, the words had sounded fraudulent to him and he’d been ashamed to pronounce them† (114). Through this passage, it is clear that Jimmy understands the difference between artificial and real love. He had said â€Å"I love you† so many times, but none of these had been real or truthful. The fact that he can not conjure up the experience of love by simply speaking it into reality shows that love goes beyond our control. A deep and authentic emotional connection is necessary in the experience of love, one that does not exist for Jimmy until he meets Oryx. Therefore, nothing else can satisfy the inherent longing we have towards feeling love towards another. Marriage itself is not strong enough to bind two people together, as evidenced by Jimmy’s parents. Sex alone is not satisfying enough for Jimmy, and even using love as a ‘tool’ to keep women with him is not enough. The emotional experience of love alone holds that power, and nothing can replace or duplicate that feeling, even though almost everything else can be manipulated and recreated with the scientific advancements in Oryx and Crake. Despite society’s lack of emphasis on emotion and love in Oryx and Crake, it is clear that these feelings remain irreplaceable. Jimmy and Crake’s use of graphic content to evoke emotional reactions shows that humans will fight against desensitization and a flattening of affect. Crake’s uncontrollable love towards Oryx shows that love can not be forced or taught, but rather that it occurs naturally. Finally, Jimmy’s distinction between fake and real love reveals that love can not be replicated or replaced. All of this demonstrates that love is an essential part of the human experience for the characters in the novel. Even in conditions where love is not encouraged, and even seen as a sign of weakness, it still remains. Therefore, Oryx and Crake demonstrates that regardless of the structures and values of society, humans long to feel and create a powerful emotional connection with others, as this ability to feel and create love is an essential part of the hu man experience.

Italian Grammar

Analysis Of The Book The Maze Runner - 1738 Words

The famous book The Maze Runner by James Smith Dashner, is the famous story about a young man named Thomas who wakes up in the middle of a metallic box that serves as an elevator with no memory of his past, the box opens up to a place called â€Å"the Glade† with 60 other boys staring back at him as he tries to run away pass them. Every thirty days a new boy or supplies arrive from the box and for three years they have lived together trying to find clues through the maze that surrounds them; but as they start losing hope it all changes when something unprecedented happens and a girl along with a note arrive through the box. The book along with amazing imagery and relevance to today’s world manages to attract more than just teenagers but anybody that is up for the challenge of the maze, and that is just the purpose of this paper to demonstrate multiple reason of why this book not only deserves to be read but it should hold a place in the literary canon. And what exactly does a person call a group of literary works that are important from a specific period of time or location? This is the definition of a literary canon; but first let’s break it down to figure out what this canon is. A canon according to the Cambridge dictionaries in the sense of literature is: â€Å"all the writings or other works known to be by a particular person.† (Cambridge). The term, â€Å"canon† can refer to the works of more than one person as well. In order for a book to fall into the literary canon it has toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Maze Runner 1432 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of 48 boys that has been there for the past two years but it all changed one day when the main character came through the box. In the book, The Maze Runner, Thomas is an very important piece to solve the maze and solve WICKED’s harsh and cruel tests. First, things started when the get a â€Å"newbie† every month out of the box in the maze. Everyone in the maze had their memory wiped so Thomas was in a daze the whole time until he got to the glade. Once he got there were many boys swarming around theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Maze Runner 1530 Words   |  7 PagesMaze Runner Philosophy The movie the Maze Runner is a movie based on the book Maze Runner by James Dashner (book by this author is the maze runner series, the mortality doctrine series, the thirteenth reality series). The movie starts off with A young boy who wakes up panicking, in a small metal box the young boy appears,he did not remember how he got there or even who he is. His name is Thomas , but he does not know his name in the beginning (though in the book his name is the only thing that heRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Maze Runner 1954 Words   |  8 Pagesto die. In the book †The Maze Runner† by James Dashner, the definition of being scared applies to Thomas as he is being sent away from his family and life to a place called the Glade, through an underground elevator, without any memories of the past. In the book â€Å"The Maze Runner†, the author uses setting, character development and the conflicts in the story. First of all, Dashner uses the setting of The Glade to help understand his theme of sacrifice. The setting of â€Å"The Maze Runner† is the GladeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Maze Runner 1036 Words   |  5 PagesMaze Runner Essay Draft #1 The Glade is a fictional society from the James Dashner novel â€Å"The Maze Runner†. It is made up of teenage boys who have no memory of who they are or why they’re there. They live in a small field surrounded by a giant, ever-changing maze filled with horrific and deadly creatures. The story follows a boy named Thomas who arrives in the Glade and has to adapt to their slang and way of life. Soon, strange things begin to happen, disrupting the Glade’s imperative order, a wordRead MoreThe Maze Runner, By James Dashner1962 Words   |  8 PagesThe Maze Runner is a post-apocalyptic dystopian novel written by James Dashner. The novel is written from the perspective of Thomas, who has just awoken in a place called the Glade – surrounded by a group of boys no older than him. Thomas, like the boys before him, has no recollection of who he is, save for his name. The book explores how the group of boys have managed to create their own community, develop their own language, and survive while in an inescapable maze that has peril lurking aroundRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies2490 Words   |  10 Pagesvarious groups together. In the books listed below the authors further enlighten us on these issues compared to dystopia. Three of the books with these examples included: Fahrenheit 451, The Maze Runner and The Lord of the Flies and two movies: book of Eli and The Giver all have clear examples of these stories point out the problems of our societies have today or when they were written. They reflect society s issues by creating fictional stories. For example, the book The Lord of the Flies, the authorRead MoreProject on Risk Management46558 Words   |  187 Pagesundertaking a project on â€Å"Risk Management by INDUSIND BANK LTD.† My project report is divided into seven chapters and they are given as under: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 Review of literature Chapter 3 Research Methodology Chapter 4 Analysis Chapter 5 Consist of Findings, Conclusion, Suggestions, Limitations SIGNATURE: Read MoreEuro Disney Case Study12599 Words   |  51 Pagestop management of the international potential for Disney’s theme parks. Europe was considered the obvious location for the next Disney park. Europe had always been a strong market for Disney movies, and there was a strong European demand for toys, books, and comics that featured Disney characters – European consumers generated about one-quarter of revenues from Disney licensed consumer products. The popularity of Disney theme parks with Europeans was evident from the 2 million European visitorsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

Health and Social Care Diagnosis and Treatment Statistics

Question: Presently, the problem of breast cancer among is on the rise. The research will mainly study the effectiveness of the breast cancer screening test to diagnose breast cancer among the women in the United Kingdom. The main research question that would be considered by the researcher is: Are the present tests effective to diagnose threats cancer of women aged between fifty to seventy years of age in the United Kingdom? To carry out the research, the researcher will mainly concentrate on the target population of women who are within the age group of fifty to seventy years of age. Answer: Introduction The issues of cancer are suddenly increased in the society (Ferlay et al. 2013). The change in the climate, the rise in the global warming and the intake of adulterated food has contributed towards the rise of cancer. At times, some of patients lose their life due to the delay in detection of the disease (Lee et al. 2013). Thus, a proper and effective screening is required to save the life of the women. The research will be carried out to measure the fruitfulness of the screening test in determining the cancer at an early stage. The research is necessary to prevent the growth of cancer and help the individuals to lead a better life. Background and rationale of the study As per the data in the year 2013, there have been 53, 696 invasive cases of breast cancer in the United Kingdom (Cancer Research UK 2015). Eleven Thousand, Seven Hundred and Sixteen numbers of deaths have happened in the country in the year, 2011. It has been seen that 78% of the women who have been affected with breast cancer have survived for ten or more years. The data for survival was for the year 2010-2011 and accounted for England and Wales. It has been seen 27% of the cases of breast cancer have been prevented in the United Kingdom. However, to prevent breast cancer and reduce the numbers of death due to breast cancer, a proper screening of the breast cancer is necessary. Two-week wait is the common route to diagnose breast cancer among women (Cancer Research UK 2015). Fifty-one percent of the female with breast cancer have been diagnosed with the disease within the two weeks waiting time. Thirty-one percent of the cases of breast cancer have been detected with the help of the screening. Figure 1: the graph showing the percentage of cases against the route to detect breast cancer (Source: Cancer Research UK 2015) It can be seen from the graph that most of the cases have been diagnosed through the two-week wait. Diagnosis should be done in the proper manner and the person who is carrying out the diagnosis should not be biased regarding the presence of the disease. In an article, Over diagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review, the authors found that negative effects of over diagnosis. The authors did the research by dividing the type and presence of adjustment for the risks of breast cancer (Pulit et al. 2012). The classifications are based on model, data and covariates used. The other main classification is based on lead-time. The lead-time is being classified is based on compensatory drop and the statistical adjustment. It has been found that around 1% to 10% of cases of over diagnosis have been found (Pulit et al. 2012). The main reasons of the over diagnosis are the lack of adjustment of lead-time and the breast cancer risks. At times, over diagnosis can be harmful as it can cause other problems in the body. The advantages and disadvantages of breast cancer screening was discussed in the article, The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. The women who are within the age if fifty to seventy years were invited for screening every three years. A full report was published after the completion of three years, which showed a metal-analysis of eleven randomized trials. The relative risk of the death due to breast cancer was 0.80. The result showed a fall in the risk of breast cancer by 20% (Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening 2012). The authors carried out further research works and interpreted the actual figures based on the percentages. It has been found that for every 10,000 women who are aged 50 years are invited for the test for the coming 20 years. Out of the 129 cases, 43 deaths were prevented due to the screening. One breast cancer was prevented out of three cases of over diagnosis of breast cancer. However, it was seen that the women supporte d the screening of breast cancer as it helped them to prevent the disease. Aim and objective of the study The main aim of the project is to find out whether the tests are successful in diagnosing the presence of breast cancer among the women who are aged between fifty to seventy years. The objectives of the project are: To study the effectiveness of the tests, this is the initial stage to help eradicate cancer from the society To study the growth of breast cancer among the women within the age group of fifty to seventy years To study the variation in the mortality rate among women due to the effectiveness of screening test Literature search strategy The literature will be searched online mainly. The online library will be helpful for the researcher as it has the list of articles, books and other academic sources (Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2013). The past researchers works by the previous authors will be helpful to reach the desired result. In addition to this, the online statistics that showed the prevalence of the disease will help the researcher to keep a track on the changing trends of the disease in the country. The main keywords that will be used while searching are breast cancer, breast cancer in the United Kingdom, screening of breast cancer, breast cancer in women between fifty-seventy. The prevalence of the disease in other countries will be excluded from the search. The prevalence of the disease among other age-groups will be taken into consideration within the United Kingdom. Ethics and anti-oppressive practice consideration The researcher will do the research with the sole purpose of helping the patients who are suffering from breast cancer. The effectiveness of the screening will help in determining the presence of tumor in the breast (Faden et al. 2013). However, the researcher will take into consideration the environment where the primary data will be collected. The participants are patients of breast cancer and the degree of illness cannot by judged by the researcher. Hence, a constant medical help will be present when the researcher will be carrying out the interview. The researcher will not reveal the names of the participants if they do not wish to be mentioned (Zikmund et al. 2013). Many of the participants might not want to share their experience regarding the disease, the researcher will not force any of the participants to take part in the research. If the researcher needs to publish any of the information of the participants, then the researcher will take the permission from the participant before publishing the research (Zikmund et al. 2013). As far as the secondary data is concerned, the researcher will not hack any website or use any unethical methods to retrieve any data that are available online (Faden et al. 2013). The researcher will pay for the papers if the website asks the researcher to pay for them. The researcher will use up-to-date data in the research work (Silverman 2013). Project Outline The project will be divided into four chapters. The first chapter consists of the introduction, the background on which the research will based, the project outline and the ethical consideration. The first chapter acts as the proposal of the research as it gives an overview of the main factors that will be evaluated in the project (Creswell 2013). The chapter two will be the literature review and evaluate the main objectives of the topic. Chapter 3 will evaluate the theories and apply them on the research, the fourth chapter is the conclusion chapter where the results will be evaluate and the reflection of the researcher about the project. After the conclusion, the reflection of the researcher will be given. The reflection will contain the topics the author had learned in the course (Fowler 2013). In addition to this, the author will speak about the way the research was helpful for the author (Ritchie et al. 2013). Project Timeline Main activities 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th+5th week 6th week 7th week Selection of the topic and frame the research question, aim and objective Literature review and study of existing theories Framing the methodology of the research Interview of the target population (primary data) Analysis of the quantitative data and qualitative data and interpretation Findings Drawing the conclusion Doing the final work and submit the project References Cancer Research UK. (2015). Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/breast-cancer/diagnosis-and-treatment#heading-Zero [Accessed 22 Jun. 2016]. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.Research methods in education. Routledge. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Faden, R.R., Kass, N.E., Goodman, S.N., Pronovost, P., Tunis, S. and Beauchamp, T.L., 2013. An ethics framework for a learning health care system: a departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics.Hastings Center Report,43(s1), pp.S16-S27. Ferlay, J., Steliarova-Foucher, E., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Rosso, S., Coebergh, J.W.W., Comber, H., Forman, D. and Bray, F., 2013. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012.European journal of cancer,49(6), pp.1374-1403. Fowler Jr, F.J., 2013.Survey research methods. Sage publications. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review.The Lancet,380(9855), pp.1778-1786. Lee, S.J., Boscardin, W.J., Stijacic-Cenzer, I., Conell-Price, J., OBrien, S. and Walter, L.C., 2013. Time lag to benefit after screening for breast and colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of survival data from the United States, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Denmark.Bmj,346, p.e8441. Puliti, D., Duffy, S.W., Miccinesi, G., De Koning, H., Lynge, E., Zappa, M. and Paci, E., 2012. Overdiagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review.Journal of medical screening,19(suppl 1), pp.42-56. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Silverman, D., 2013.Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.